| RTL/2 | 1972 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | static typing, safe typing, structural typing, strong typing | 1 |
| Ruby | 1995 | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, duck typing, strong typing | 11 |
| Ruby | 1986 | — | — | — |
| RUR-PLE | 2004 | object-oriented programming | — | — |
| Rust | 2006 | generic programming, concurrent computing, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | static typing, nominative typing, inference typing, linear typing, strong typing | 12 |
| S | 1976 | imperative programming, array programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, strong typing | 1 |
| S-PLUS | — | — | — | — |
| S/SL | 1980 | — | — | — |
| S2 | 1999 | object-oriented programming | — | — |
| S3 | — | structured programming, imperative programming | — | — |
| SabreTalk | — | — | — | — |
| SAC programming language | 1994 | array programming | uniqueness typing, strong typing | — |
| SAM76 | 1976 | — | — | — |
| SAMPL | — | multi-paradigm programming | — | — |
| SAS Language | 1976 | procedural programming, data-driven programming | — | — |
| SASL | 1972 | functional programming | — | — |
| Sass | 2006 | — | dynamic typing | 1 |
| Sather | 1990 | functional programming, object-oriented programming | static typing, strong typing | — |
| SATySFi | — | — | — | — |
| Sawzall | 2003 | procedural programming | — | — |
| Scala | 2004 | concurrent computing, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | static typing, inference typing, structural typing, strong typing | 9 |
| Scheme | 1975 | procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, metaprogramming | dynamic typing, latent typing, strong typing | 16 |
| Scheme Scribe | — | — | — | — |
| SCi Continuous System Simulation Language | 1967 | — | — | — |
| Scilab | — | array programming | dynamic typing | — |
| SCM | 1990 | — | dynamic typing, latent typing, strong typing | — |
| Scol | 1996 | — | — | — |
| Scratch | 2003 | event-driven programming, visual programming language | — | 3 |
| ScratchJr | — | — | — | — |
| Script | — | concatenative programming, stack-oriented programming | — | — |
| Script-Fu | — | — | — | — |
| Script.NET | — | imperative programming, metaprogramming | dynamic typing | — |
| Scripter3 | — | — | — | — |
| SCUMM | 1987 | — | — | — |
| Sed | 1974 | data-driven programming | — | 1 |
| Seed7 | 2005 | generic programming, reflective programming, structured programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | manifest typing, static typing, nominative typing, strong typing | — |
| Self | 1987 | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, strong typing | 10 |
| Sense | — | object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | — |
| SenseTalk | 1992 | object-oriented programming | duck typing | — |
| SequenceL | 1989 | parallel computing, purely functional programming, array programming, declarative programming | static typing, inference typing | — |
| SETL | 1969 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 2 |
| Short Code | 1950 | procedural programming | — | — |
| SICStus Prolog | 1988 | — | — | — |
| Silq | 2020 | imperative programming | — | — |
| Simple Object Language | 1992 | — | — | 1 |
| Simple Yet Powerful Scripting Language | 2005 | — | — | — |
| SIMSCRIPT | 1962 | — | — | 1 |
| Simula | 1962 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | static typing, nominative typing | 10 |
| Simulink | — | — | — | — |
| Sing# | 2005 | — | — | — |
| Singularity | — | — | — | — |
| SISAL | 1983 | dataflow programming, concurrent computing, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming | static typing, strong typing | — |
| SK8 | — | object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | — |
| Skribe | — | — | — | — |
| Sleep | 2004 | — | — | — |
| SLIP | 1960 | — | — | — |
| SmallBASIC | — | — | — | — |
| Smalltalk | 1972 | class-based programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, strong typing | 33 |
| Snap! | 2011 | event-driven programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 1 |
| Snap4Arduino | 2013 | — | — | — |
| Snek | — | imperative programming | dynamic typing | — |
| SNOBOL | 1962 | imperative programming | — | 3 |
| Snowball | — | — | — | — |
| Solidity | 2014 | — | static typing | — |
| SolidThinking Embed | 1989 | modularity | — | — |
| Source | 2017 | procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming | dynamic typing, duck typing | — |
| SP/k | 1974 | structured programming, imperative programming | static typing, strong typing | 1 |
| Space Programming Language | 1967 | — | — | — |
| SPARK | 1988 | procedural programming | static typing, nominative typing, safe typing, strong typing | — |
| SPARQL | 2008 | declarative programming | — | 1 |
| SPARQL 1.0 | 2008 | — | — | — |
| SPARQL 1.1 | 2013 | — | — | — |
| SPARQL 1.1 Query Language | 2013 | — | — | — |
| SPARQL-Generate | — | — | — | — |
| Speakeasy | 1964 | imperative programming | dynamic typing | — |
| Speedcoding | 1953 | generic programming, procedural programming, structured programming, object-oriented programming | manifest typing, static typing, strong typing | 1 |
| Split-C | 1993 | imperative programming | manifest typing, weak typing | — |
| SQL | 1974 | declarative programming | static typing, strong typing | 3 |
| Squeak | 1996 | object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | — |
| Squirrel | 2003 | procedural programming, imperative programming, class-based programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 1 |