| R | 1993 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, array programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | — |
| Racket | 1995 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming, modular programming, language-oriented programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, strong typing | — |
| Raku | 2015 | functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, gradual typing | — |
| RAPID | 1994 | — | — | — |
| Rapira | 1987 | procedural programming, structured programming | dynamic typing | — |
| Raptor | — | structured programming | — | — |
| RascalMPL | — | data conversion | — | — |
| Ratfor | 1976 | — | — | — |
| RBASIC | 1989 | — | — | — |
| Rc | 1989 | procedural programming, imperative programming | weak typing | — |
| Reaktor | — | — | — | — |
| Reason | 2016 | functional programming | static typing | 1 |
| REBOL | 1997 | prototype-based programming, functional programming, imperative programming, language-oriented programming | dynamic typing, strong typing | 2 |
| Red | 2011 | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming | — | — |
| Refal | 1968 | functional programming | dynamic typing, strong typing | — |
| Regional Assembly Language | 1951 | — | — | — |
| Reia | — | — | — | — |
| Ren'Py | 2004 | — | — | — |
| ReScript | 2015 | functional programming | static typing | — |
| REXX | 1979 | procedural programming, structured programming | dynamic typing | 2 |
| Ring | 2016 | procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, duck typing | — |
| Rlab | — | array programming | — | — |
| Robic | 1975 | procedural programming | — | — |
| Robot Battle | 1994 | — | — | — |
| Roc | — | functional programming | static typing, inference typing | — |
| Rochester assembler | 1951 | — | — | — |
| Rockstar | 2018 | — | — | — |
| Rocq prover | 1984 | purely functional programming | — | 3 |
| Root | 1995 | — | — | — |
| RPG | 1959 | procedural programming | static typing, strong typing | 4 |
| RPG IV | 2001 | — | — | — |
| RPG/400 | 1988 | — | — | — |
| RPL | 1984 | structured programming, stack-oriented programming, object-oriented programming | — | — |
| RTL/2 | 1972 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming | static typing, safe typing, structural typing, strong typing | 1 |
| Ruby | 1995 | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | dynamic typing, duck typing, strong typing | 11 |
| Ruby | 1986 | — | — | — |
| RUR-PLE | 2004 | object-oriented programming | — | — |
| Rust | 2006 | generic programming, concurrent computing, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | static typing, nominative typing, inference typing, linear typing, strong typing | 12 |