| LFE | 2008 | functional programming | — |
| Liberty BASIC | 1992 | event-driven programming | — |
| Lioness | — | — | — |
| Lisp | 1958 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming, metaprogramming | 39 |
| LispWorks | — | — | — |
| Little b | 2004 | functional programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| LiveScript | 2011 | functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1 |
| Logo | 1967 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming | 11 |
| LPC | 1989 | procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming, object-oriented programming | 1 |
| Lua | 1993 | procedural programming, prototype-based programming, functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 9 |
| Lucee | 2015 | — | — |
| LYaPAS | 1964 | functional programming, structured programming, array programming, modular programming | — |
| Maclisp | — | — | 5 |
| Magik | 1989 | object-oriented programming | — |
| MATLAB | 1970 | procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, array programming, object-oriented programming | 1 |
| MDL | 1971 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, metaprogramming | 1 |
| MetaPost | 1994 | imperative programming, declarative programming | 1 |
| MexScript | 1997 | domain-specific language | — |
| Microsoft Small Basic | 2008 | structured programming | — |
| MIIS | 1971 | — | — |
| Mirah | 2008 | imperative programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| MIRC scripting language | 1995 | event-driven programming, procedural programming | — |
| MIT/GNU Scheme | — | — | — |
| MIVA Script | 1996 | imperative programming | — |
| MLAB | — | multi-paradigm programming | — |
| NekoVM | 2005 | prototype-based programming, structured programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| NetLogo | 1999 | agent-oriented programming, procedural programming | — |
| NetRexx | 1996 | procedural programming, structured programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| NewLISP | 1991 | prototype-based programming, functional programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Newspeak | 2006 | functional programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| NewtonScript | 1993 | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | 1 |
| Nial | 1981 | array programming | — |
| Nix | 2003 | functional programming, purely functional programming, declarative programming | — |
| NPR | 1985 | procedural programming | — |
| Nu | 2007 | procedural programming, functional programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Oaklisp | 1986 | object-oriented programming | — |
| Oberon | 1987 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming | 7 |
| Object Pascal | 1986 | generic programming, procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming | 6 |
| Objective-C | 1984 | reflective programming, multi-paradigm programming, class-based programming, object-oriented programming | 5 |
| Objective-J | 2008 | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Obliq | 1993 | prototype-based programming, structured programming, parallel computing, imperative programming, modular programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Open Roberta | — | event-driven programming | — |
| OpenMx | 2010 | structural equation modeling | — |
| Oz | 1991 | concurrent computing, prototype-based programming, functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, constraint programming, object-oriented programming | 2 |
| Pan | — | declarative programming | — |
| Parser | 1997 | procedural programming | — |
| Perl | 1987 | multi-paradigm programming | 15 |
| Pharo | 2008 | reflective programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| PHP | 1995 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 5 |
| PicoLisp | 1988 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, declarative programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Pike | 1994 | procedural programming, functional programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Pnuts | 1997 | object-oriented programming | — |
| Polyphonic C# | 2002 | multi-paradigm programming | — |
| PostScript | 1982 | procedural programming, concatenative programming, multi-paradigm programming, stack-oriented programming | 1 |
| PowerShell | 2006 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Programming with Big Data in R | — | SPMD | — |
| Pure | 2008 | functional programming, declarative programming | — |
| Python | 1991 | functional programming, imperative programming, multi-paradigm programming, object-oriented programming, dynamic programming | 32 |
| Q | 2003 | functional programming, array programming | — |
| QML | 2009 | reactive programming, declarative programming | 2 |
| Qore | — | procedural programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| R | 1993 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, array programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Racket | 1995 | reflective programming, procedural programming, functional programming, multi-paradigm programming, modular programming, language-oriented programming, metaprogramming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Raku | 2015 | functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Rapira | 1987 | procedural programming, structured programming | — |
| REBOL | 1997 | prototype-based programming, functional programming, imperative programming, language-oriented programming | 2 |
| Refal | 1968 | functional programming | — |
| REXX | 1979 | procedural programming, structured programming | 2 |
| Ring | 2016 | procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, declarative programming, object-oriented programming | — |
| Ruby | 1995 | reflective programming, functional programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 11 |
| S | 1976 | imperative programming, array programming, object-oriented programming | 1 |
| Sass | 2006 | — | 1 |
| Scheme | 1975 | procedural programming, functional programming, imperative programming, metaprogramming | 16 |
| Scilab | — | array programming | — |
| SCM | 1990 | — | — |
| Script.NET | — | imperative programming, metaprogramming | — |
| Self | 1987 | prototype-based programming, object-oriented programming | 10 |
| Sense | — | object-oriented programming | — |
| SETL | 1969 | procedural programming, structured programming, imperative programming, object-oriented programming | 2 |
| SK8 | — | object-oriented programming | — |